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1.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 41: e158, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-961652

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objectives To summarize and critically evaluate the evidence on the impact and effectiveness of meningococcal vaccination programs around the world in order to inform decisionmaking in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods A review of the literature was conducted following several components of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed Central® was searched for papers published in any language from January 1999 - March 2017. Results In all, 32 studies were included, most of which evaluated the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. Fourteen studies measured effectiveness and 30 measured impact. The effectiveness of polysaccharide vaccines was 65% - 83.7% (different age groups), while the effectiveness of the conjugate vaccines was 66% - 100%. Incidence decline of laboratory-confirmed meningococcal disease for the conjugate vaccine ranged from 77% - 100% among different ages groups. The only study that evaluated the protein subunit vaccine reported a vaccine effectiveness of 82.9%. Conclusions The studies reviewed show impact and effectiveness of both polysaccharide vaccines and conjugate vaccines on vaccine-serogroup meningococcal disease. The conjugate vaccines, however, show higher impact and effectiveness with longer-lasting protection over the polysaccharide vaccines. Given the variance in potential use of a meningococcal vaccine, epidemiological surveillance systems should be strengthened to inform national decisions.


RESUMEN Objetivos Resumir y evaluar críticamente los datos científicos sobre la repercusión y la eficacia de los programas de vacunación antimeningocócica en todo el mundo para orientar la toma de decisiones en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos Se realizó un examen de la bibliografía siguiendo varios componentes de las directrices correspondientes a los elementos de notificación preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis. Se hicieron búsquedas en PubMed Central® para encontrar documentos publicados en cualquier idioma desde enero de 1999 hasta marzo del 2017. Resultados En total, se incluyeron 32 estudios, en cuya mayoría se evaluaba la vacuna antimeningocócica conjugada contra el serotipo C. En 14 estudios se midió la efectividad y en 30, el impacto. La efectividad de las vacunas polisacarídeas se encontraba entre 65% y 83,7% (grupos etarios diferentes), mientras que la de las vacunas conjugadas, entre 66% y 100%. Gracias a la vacuna conjugada, la disminución de la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica confirmada en laboratorio varió entre 77% y 100% en diferentes grupos etarios. En el único estudio en el que se evaluó la vacuna de subunidades proteínicas se notificó que su efectividad era de 82,9%. Conclusiones Los estudios examinados muestran el impacto y la efectividad tanto de las vacunas polisacarídeas como de las vacunas conjugadas en relación con la enfermedad meningocócica causada por los serotipos utilizados en las vacunas. Sin embargo, las vacunas conjugadas demuestran que tienen un mayor impacto y efectividad que las vacunas polisacarídeas para dar una protección más duradera. En vista de la varianza del posible uso de una vacuna antimeningocócica, se deben fortalecer los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica para orientar las decisiones nacionales.


RESUMO Objetivos Sumarizar e analisar de maneira crítica as evidências sobre o impacto e a efetividade dos programas de vacinação contra doença meningocócica em todo o mundo para subsidiar a tomada de decisão na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos Uma revisão da literatura científica foi realizada de acordo com vários componentes das diretrizes dos Principais itens para relatar revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA). Foi feita uma pesquisa da base de dados PubMed Central® em busca de estudos publicados em qualquer idioma de janeiro de 1999 a março de 2017. Resultados Trinta e dois estudos foram selecionados, sendo que a maioria avaliou a vacina conjugada contra o meningococo C. Quatorze artigos avaliaram a efetividade da vacina e 30, o impacto. A efetividade das vacinas polissacarídicas foi de 65% a 83,7% (em diferentes faixas etárias) e a das vacinas conjugadas foi de 66% a 100%. A redução com o uso da vacina conjugada da incidência de doença meningocócica confirmada por laboratório variou de 77% a 100% em diferentes faixas etárias. O único estudo que avaliou a vacina de subunidade proteica informou uma efetividade de 82,9%. Conclusões Os estudos examinados indicam impacto e efetividade da vacina polissacarídica e da vacina conjugada para doença meningocócica do respectivo sorogrupo vacinal. As vacinas conjugadas demonstram maior impacto e efetividade e proteção mais duradoura em relação às vacinas polissacarídicas. Diante da variação do uso em potencial da vacina meningocócica, os sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica devem ser reforçados visando subsidiar a tomada de decisão das autoridades nacionais.


Subject(s)
Humans , Meningococcal Vaccines/analysis , Meningococcal Vaccines/supply & distribution , Meningococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use , Health Impact Assessment
2.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2014. ix, 91 p. tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-971481

ABSTRACT

A doença causada pelo rotavirus é umas das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas à diarreia aguda em crianças no mundo causando, antes da introdução das vacinas,aproximadamente 453.000 mortes anualmente, particularmente nos países em desenvolvimento. No ano de 2006, duas vacinas foram licenciadas para prevenir os casos graves de diarreia por rotavirus do grupo A (RVA) e mortalidade por esta doença. Estas duas vacinas, monovalente (Rotarix®- RV1) e pentavalente (RotaTeq®– RV5), foram recomendadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para sua utilização nos programas de imunizações em 2007. Os países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC) e os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) foram os primeiros a incorporarem esta vacina na rotina de imunizações. Atualmente, 16 países da ALC introduziram estas vacinas no esquema de vacinação. O objetivo deste estudo é documentar o processo de introdução das vacinas de RVA em alguns países da ALC através de uma avaliação qualitativa –observacional, medir a efetividade da vacina RV1na Bolívia, e realizar uma meta-análise para estimar a efetividade das vacinas RVA, segundo diferentes variáveis, na ALC. As evidencias da eficácia da vacina, seu potencial impacto e custo-efetividade de sua introdução,mesmo sem dados locais, foram importantes para a decisão de introdução dessa vacina. Tanto no estudo da Bolívia como na meta-análise, as estimativas de efetividade variaram em grau de acordo ao grupo controle utilizado. No estudo caso-controle da Bolívia, e a efetividade de RV1 para o esquema completo foi de 77,0% e 69,0% utilizando controles de hospital (outras doenças) e diarreias ELISA negativo para RVA, respectivamente. A efetividade para uma dose da vacina foi de 56,0% com controles de hospital (outras doenças) e 36,0% com controles de diarreia ELISA - negativo...


The Rotavirus disease is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in relation toacute diarrhea in children around the world and there were approximately 453,000 deaths annually beforethe introduction of the vaccines, especially in developing countries. In 2006, two group A rotavirus (RVA)vaccines were licensed to prevent severe diarrhea and mortality due to rotavirus. The monovalent(Rotarix®, RV1) and pentavalent (RotaTeq®, RV5) were recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO) in 2007. Countries from Latin America, the Caribbean (LAC), and the United States were the firstones in the world to introduce these vaccines. Currently, 16 countries in LAC have introduced RVAvaccines in their immunization programs. The objective of this study is to document the RVA vaccinesintroduction process in some LAC countries through an observational-quality study measuring theeffectiveness of the vaccine in a specific country, Bolivia, and to conduct a meta-analyse for estimatingthe vaccine’s effectiveness according different variables in LAC. The evidence on efficacy, potentialimpact, and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction, even without local data, were important in thedecision making process for vaccine introduction. The vaccine effectiveness, using different types ofcontrols, leads to different degrees of effectiveness in the Bolivia study and in the meta-analysis too. ABolivia case-control study shows RV1 effectiveness for a complete schedule of 77.0% and 69.0% withnon-diarrhea controls and diarrhea ELISA negative test, respectively. For one dose of vaccine,effectiveness ranged from 56.0% using non-diarrhea hospital control to 36.0% using diarrhea ELISA negative test...


Subject(s)
Humans , Rotavirus Vaccines , Effectiveness , Latin America , Epidemiology
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 106(8): 907-911, Dec. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610962

ABSTRACT

Countries in Latin America were among the first to implement routine vaccination against species A rotavirus (RVA). We evaluate data from Latin America on reductions in gastroenteritis and RVA disease burden following the introduction of RVA vaccine. Published literature was reviewed to identify case-control studies of vaccine effectiveness and population-based studies examining longitudinal trends of diarrhoeal disease reduction after RVA vaccine introduction in Latin American countries. RVA vaccine effectiveness and impact on gastroenteritis mortality and hospitalization rates and RVA hospitalization rates are described. Among middle-income Latin American countries with published data (Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador and Panama), RVA vaccine contributed to a gastroenteritis-associated mortality reduction of 22-41 percent, a gastroenteritis-associated hospitalization reduction of 17-51 percent and a RVA hospitalization reduction of 59-81 percent among children younger than five years of age. In Brazil and El Salvador, case-control studies demonstrated that a full RVA vaccination schedule was 76-85 percent effective against RVA hospitalization; a lower effectiveness of 46 percent was seen in Nicaragua, the only low-income country with available data. A growing body of literature offers convincing evidence of "real world" vaccine program successes in Latin American settings, which may be expanded as more countries in the region include RVA vaccine in their immunization programs.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Diarrhea/prevention & control , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Diarrhea/mortality , Diarrhea/virology , Gastroenteritis/mortality , Gastroenteritis/virology , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Latin America/epidemiology , Rotavirus Infections/complications , Rotavirus Infections/mortality , Vaccination
4.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 15(2): 177-186, jun. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-561322

ABSTRACT

Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar os resultados obtidos na estimativa das vazões de projeto para o dimensionamento de hidrômetros de sistemas prediais de água fria com medição individualizada, empregando um método probabilístico aberto e o método empírico recomendado na normalização brasileira. Como os resultados finais indicam grandes diferenças nas vazões de projeto estimadas pelos dois métodos, é importante realizar pesquisa de campo a fim de verificar os valores obtidos. O modelo probabilístico aberto permite que o projetista ajuste as variáveis relacionadas ao uso da água para refletir melhor a realidade das vazões no sistema predial em função de diferentes condições de utilização. Por isso, seu emprego apresenta-se mais vantajoso, principalmente em sistemas com medição individualizada, em que a especificação do hidrômetro é efetuada, entre outros parâmetros, em função da vazão de projeto.


The objective of this paper is to compare the results obtained in the estimate of the design flow rates to the dimension water meters of water submetering systems in buildings by means not only from an open probabilistic model but also from the empirical method recommended by the Brazilian Standard. As the final results show considerable differences in the design flow rates estimated by both methods, it is extremely important to perform field survey in order to check the obtained values. The open probabilistic model enables the practitioner to adjust the variables related to the water use to better reflect the flow rates in the plumbing system according to the different conditions of use. Due to this advantage, its use appears to be more beneficial than the empirical method, mainly concerning submetering systems where the specification of the water meters takes into account the design flow rate.

5.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 20(6): 377-384, dic. 2006. mapas, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-447630

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the annual burden of diarrhea and of diarrhea that is associated with rotavirus (RV) in children who are treated at public clinics and hospitals in Honduras. METHODS: Data were collected from computerized records of all children < 5 years old treated for diarrhea at clinics and hospitals operated by the Secretary of Health for the period of 2000 through 2004. A review of studies of RV in Honduras and neighboring countries provided estimates of detection rates of RV among children treated for acute diarrhea as outpatients or as inpatients. From these data, we estimated the annual number of cases of diarrhea and of rotavirus-related diarrhea in Honduras, the cumulative incidence of diarrhea and of rotavirus-related diarrhea for a child from birth to age 5 years, and the number of fatalities due to RV among children hospitalized for diarrhea. RESULTS: From 2000 through 2004, a mean of 222 000 clinic visits, 4 390 hospitalizations, and 162 in-hospital deaths due to diarrhea were recorded annually among children < 5 years of age in the public health facilities in Honduras. From our review of scientific literature on Honduras and neighboring countries, an estimated 30 percent of outpatients and 43 percent of inpatients who were treated for diarrhea would be expected to have RV. Consequently, we estimated that 66 600 outpatient visits, 1 888 hospitalizations, and 70 in-hospital deaths among children < 5 years in Honduras could be attributed to RV each year. Therefore, a child in the first five years of life has a respective risk for consultation, hospitalization, and in-hospital death of 1:1, 1:46, and 1:1 235 for diarrhea. For an episode associated with RV, the respective risks are 1:3, 1:106, and 1:2 857. These values likely underestimate the true burden of diarrhea in Honduras, since some 51 percent of children with acute diarrhea do not receive formal care for the illness, 70 percent do not receive oral rehydration...


OBJETIVOS: Estimar la carga anual por diarrea y por diarrea asociada con la infección por rotavirus (RV) en niños atendidos en clínicas y hospitales públicos de Honduras. MÉTODOS: Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de los registros computarizados de todos los niños menores de 5 años atendidos por diarrea en clínicas y hospitales operados por la Secretaría de Salud de Honduras durante el período 2000-2004. Una revisión de los estudios realizados sobre RV en Honduras y los países vecinos ofreció estimados de las tasas de detección de RV en niños tratados por diarrea aguda hospitalizados o de forma ambulatoria. Con estos datos se estimó el número anual de casos de diarrea y de diarrea asociada con la infección por RV en Honduras, la incidencia acumulativa de diarrea y de diarrea asociada con la infección por RV en niños menores de 5 años y el número de muertes debido a RV en niños hospitalizados por diarrea. RESULTADOS: Entre los años 2000 y 2004 se registraron medias anuales de 222 000 visitas médicas, 4 390 hospitalizaciones y 162 muertes hospitalarias por diarrea en niños menores de 5 años en instalaciones sanitarias públicas de Honduras. A partir de la revisión de la literatura científica relativa a Honduras y los países vecinos se estimó que 30 por ciento de los casos de diarrea atendidos ambulatoriamente y 43 por ciento de los hospitalizados podrían deberse a RV. En consecuencia, se estimó que 66 600 visitas médicas ambulatorias, 1 888 hospitalizaciones y 70 muertes hospitalarias de niños menores de 5 años pueden atribuirse a la infección por RV anualmente en Honduras. Por lo tanto, los riesgos de un niño en sus primeros 5 años de vida de asistir a una consulta, de ser hospitalizado y de morir en un hospital por diarrea son de 1:1, 1:46 y 1:1 235, respectivamente. Los riesgos asociados con la infección por RV son de 1:3, 1:106 y 1:2 857, respectivamente. Posiblemente, estos valores subestiman la carga real por diarrea en Honduras, ya...


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/virology , Rotavirus Infections/complications , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Honduras/epidemiology
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 7(4): 219-24, abr. 2000. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-264869

ABSTRACT

At the present time, the only poliovirus-caused poliomyelitis cases reported in Brazil and other countries of the Americas are of vaccine etiology. It is important for epidemiological surveillance and immunization programs to evaluate the epidemiological profile of cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in order to establish criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies. To research VAPP in Brazil, 30 cases diagnosed and classified as such by the Ministry of Health between 1989 and 1995 were submitted to a descriptive study of clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data. In addition, the risk of occurrence of VAPP was estimated in relation to determinants based on a cohort of 3 656 persons with acute flaccid paralysis. Among individuals who had received oral polio vaccine (OPV) from 4 to 40 days before the onset of paralysis, we found a relative risk of 8.88 (95) CI: 4.37-18.03) for VAPP as compared with persons who had not been vaccinated during the same time interval. For individuals who developed VAPP in the period following national vaccination days, the estimated relative risk was 2.94 (95 CI: 1.44-6.00). For the first dose of OPV administered to the general population the estimated risk was 1 case of VAPP for every 2.39 million doses; for total doses of OPV the risk was 1 case in 13.03 million doses. A major share of VAPP cases were related to children affected by prodromes (fever and gastrointestinal signs and/or symptoms), isolation of vaccine poliovirus type 2, paralysis of the lower limbs, and a mean age of 1 year


Subject(s)
Poliomyelitis , Vaccines , Brazil
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